WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care  Guidelines Review Committee, Infection Prevention and Control UHL, Medical Devices and Diagnostics, WHO REFERENCE NUMBER: WHO/IER/PSP/2009/01

Inactivation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 by WHO-Recommended Hand Rub Formulations and Alcohols. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;26(7):1592-1595. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200915. Epub 2020 Jun 21. PMID: 32284092; PMCID: PMC7323537. – Kratzel A, Todt D, V’kovski P, Steiner S, Gultom M, Thao TTN, Ebert N, Holwerda M, Steinmann J, Niemeyer D, Dijkman R, Kampf G, Drosten C, Steinmann E, Thiel V, Pfaender S.

Evaluation of World Health Organization Recommended Hand Hygiene Formulations. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;26(9):2064-2068. doi: 10.3201/eid2609.201761. Epub 2020 May 27. PMID: 32459621; PMCID: PMC7454073. – Suchomel M, Eggers M, Maier S, Kramer A, Dancer SJ, Pittet D.

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers: Review of Efficacy and Adverse Effect. Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing. 80. 2020. 10.7176/JHMN/81-01. – Shegun Victor, Oluwatuyi & Agbele, Alaba & Tolulope, Ayo-Awe & Modupe, Ogunrinde & bridget, Ayoyinka & Funmilayo, Oluwatuyi & anuoluwapo, Akinawonu & mobolaji, Adelabu. (2020).

Surgical hand disinfection using alcohol: the effects of alcohol type, mode and duration of application. J Hosp Infect. 2009 Mar;71(3):228-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.11.006. Epub 2009 Jan 13. PMID: 19144448. – Suchomel M, Gnant G, Weinlich M, Rotter M.

Surgical hand disinfection with a propanol-based hand rub: equivalence of shorter appl ication times. J Hosp Infect. 2005 Apr;59(4):304-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2004.09.022. PMID: 15749318. – Kampf G, Ostermeyer C, Heeg P

Comparative assessment of antimicrobial efficacy of different hand sanitizers: An in vitro study. Dent Res J 2016;13:424-31 – Jain VM, Karibasappa GN, Dodamani AS, Prashanth VK, Mali GV.

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers: Review of Efficacy and Adverse Effect. Journal of Health, Medicine and Nursing. 80. 2020. 10.7176/JHMN/81-01. – Shegun Victor, Oluwatuyi & Agbele, Alaba & Tolulope, Ayo-Awe & Modupe, Ogunrinde & bridget, Ayoyinka & Funmilayo, Oluwatuyi & anuoluwapo, Akinawonu & mobolaji, Adelabu. (2020).

Evaluation of a 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol skin disinfectant. J Hosp Infect. 2005;61:287–290. – Adams D, Quayum M, Worthington T, Lambert P, Elliot T.

Antimicrobial activity of a recently approved chlorhexidine-isopropyl alcohol antiseptic vs 70% isopropyl alcohol: a randomized, blinded trial. Presented at: 28th Annual Educational Conference and International Meeting of the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology; June 10–14, 2001; Seattle, WA. Abstract 194. – Garcia R, Hibbard JS.

Disinfection with 10% povidone-iodine versus 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropanol in the neonatal intensive care unit. Acta Paediatr. 2004 Feb;93(2):205-10. doi: 10.1080/08035250310008159. PMID: 15046275. – Linder N, Prince S, Barzilai A, Keller N, Klinger G, Shalit I, Prince T, Sirota L.

“Hand Sanitizers: A Review on Formulation Aspects, Adverse Effects, and Regulations” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9: 3326. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093326 – Jing, Jane L.J., Thong Pei Yi, Rajendran J.C. Bose, Jason R. McCarthy, Nagendran Tharmalingam, and Thiagarajan Madheswaran. 2020.

Alcohols as Surface Disinfectants in Healthcare Settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2018 Mar;39(3):323-328. doi: 10.1017/ice.2017.301. Epub 2018 Jan 28. PMID: 29374503. – Boyce JM.

A comparative study of disinfectants for cleaning intensive care unit surface. Indian J Microbiol Res 2019;6(4):299-302. – Mizbah R, Sumana M N, Chittaragi V

Comparative efficacy of ethanol and isopropanol against feline calicivirus, a norovirus surrogate. Am J Infect Control. 2006 Feb;34(1):31-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2005.05.012. PMID: 16443090. – Malik YS, Maherchandani S, Goyal SM.

Ethanol and isopropanol inactivation of human coronavirus on hard surfaces. The Journal of hospital infection, 107, 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.026. – Meyers, C., Kass, R., Goldenberg, D., Milici, J., Alam, S., & Robison, R. (2021).